Chapter 12

Structured Distributions of Gas and Solids in Protoplanetary Disks

Jaehan Bae, Andrea Isella, Zhaohuan Zhu, Rebecca Martin, Satoshi Okuzumi, Scott Suriano

Abstract:

Recent spatially-resolved observations of protoplanetary disks revealed a plethora of substructures, including concentric rings and gaps, inner cavities, misalignments, spiral arms, and azimuthal asymmetries. This is the major breakthrough in studies of protoplanetary disks since Protostars and Planets VI and is reshaping the field of planet formation. However, while the capability of imaging substructures in protoplanetary disks has been steadily improving, the origin of many substructures are still largely debated. The structured distributions of gas and solids in protoplanetary disks likely reflect the outcome of physical processes at work, including the formation of planets. Yet, the diverse properties among the observed protoplanetary disk population, for example, the number and radial location of rings and gaps in the dust distribution, suggest that the controlling process may differ between disks and/or the outcome may be sensitive to stellar or disk properties. In this review, we (1) summarize the existing observations of protoplanetary disk substructures collected from the literature; (2) provide a comprehensive theoretical review of various processes proposed to explain observed protoplanetary disk substructures; (3) compare current theoretical predictions with existing observations and highlight future research directions to distinguish between different origins; and (4) discuss implications of state-of-the-art protoplanetary disk observations to protoplanetary disk and planet formation theory.

Download Paper:

ADS Link

Supplementary Data:

Figure 1 Figure 6 Figure 7 data Table 1 data Table 2 data Table 3 data

Data Tables:

The tables can be downloaded in .csv format from the buttons above. References can be found in the Table caption in the Chapter. If you have new data that you want to be included in the table or any other comment on the table, please contact Jaehan Bae.

Table 1: Systems with rings

2MASS Name Alt. Name d (pc) M_star (Msun) L_star (Lsun) Class M_disk (0.01 Msun) lambda n Ring location (au) Ring FWHM (au) FWHM (au) binary sep. (arcsec) ref
J04345542+2428531 AATau 137 0.5 0.7 II 1 mm 3 48.7,94.9,142.6 2.6,28.7,26.4 21 - 1
J04335200+2250301 CITau 159 0.9 1.6 II 2.3 mm 4 27.7,62.0,99.2,152.8 19.3,29.4,8.7,59.7 19 - 2,3,4
J04141760+2806096 CIDA1 138 0.2 0.2 II 0.2 mm 2 16.2,21 3.5,9.7 6 - 5,6
J05052286+2531312 CIDA9A 172 0.5 0.1 II 0.9 mm 1 39.52 25.31 21 2.3 3,4,27,28
J04333906+2520382 DLTau 159 0.9 1.5 II 3.7 mm 3 46.4,78.1,112.27 14.63,8.6,29.6 20 - 3,4
J04334871+1810099 DMTau 145 0.3 0.2 TD 1.6 mm 1 24 16 5 - 7,8,9
J04352737+2414589 DNTau 128 0.5 0.7 II 1.2 mm 2 15.4,53.4 21.1,7.7 15 - 3,10
J04474859+2925112 DSTau 159 0.5 1 II 0.4 mm 1 56.8 17.2 19 6.2 4,27
J04233919+2456141 FTTau 128 0.3 0.4 II 1.3 mm 1 31.1 16.5 15 - 4
J04551098+3021595 GMAur 160 0.8 1.2 TD 3.8 mm 3 37,87,177 9.6,13,50.4 6 - 9,11,12
J04430309+2520187 GOTau 145 0.4 0.3 II 1 mm 2 73.0,109.45 9.8,22.2 18 - 3,10
J04245708+2711565 IPTau 131 0.5 0.5 II 0.1 mm 1 27.1 10.4 16 - 4,10
J04295156+2606448 IQTau 131 0.4 0.8 II 0.9 mm 2 48.2,82.8 11.8,24.5 18 - 3,10
J04154278+2909597 IRAS04125+2902 160 0.4 0.5 TD 0.4 mm 1 55 30 48 - 13,14
J04391779+2221034 LkCa15 159 0.9 1.1 TD 2.7 mm 2 69.0,100.11 14.8,34 9 - 15,16,17
ir 1 58 - 9 - 36
J04322210+1827426 MHO6 142 0.2 0.1 II 0.2 mm 1 20 20 14 - 6
J04584626+2950370 MWC480/HD31648 162 2.1 21.9 II 5.7 mm 1 97.6 12.6 23 - 3
J04215740+2826355 RYTau 128 2.0 12.3 II 2.7 mm 2 18.2,49.04 25.6,19.5 16 - 3,4,19
J04300399+1813493 UXTauA 140 1.7 3.2 TD 0.9 mm 1 37.5 11 18 2.7 28,29,30,31
J04313843+1813576 HLTau 140 1 11 I 13 mm 7 21.4,40.0,49,~58, 12.9,6.4,4.2,<15, 4 - 20,21
7 72.2,85.4,~102 5.1,12.0,<20 4 - 20,21
J05355845+2444542 CQTau 162 1.7 10 II 2.3 mm 1 45 23 16 - 22,23,24
J05380526-0115216 V1247Ori 398 1.9 15.8 PTD 7.7 mm 1 75 40 16 - 25,26
J16255615-2420481 SR4 135 0.8 1.8 II 1.1 mm 1 18 13.3 5 - 21,32
J16261033-2420548 GSS26/ISO-Oph17 139 0.7 4 II 2.9 mm 2 25,47 7,20 3 - 33,34
J16261886-2428196 Elias2-20 138 0.9 2.6 II 1.6 mm 2 29,36 5.2,1.9 4 - 21,32
J16262367-2443138 DoAr25 138 0.8 1.5 II 3.9 mm 3 86,111,137 -,14.3,12.8 4 - 21,32
J16262407-2416134 Elias2-24 134 1.1 6.8 II 5.5 mm 2 77,123 12.2,- 5 - 21,32
J16264502-2423077 GSS39/Elias2-27 116 0.6 1.5 II 3.6 mm 1 86 21 6 - 21,32,33
J16273718-2430350 IRS48/WLY2-48 121 2 14.3 TD 0.7 ir 1 60 - 24 - 37
J16273901-2358187 DoAr33 140 1 1.6 II 0.6 mm 1 17 - 4 - 21,32
J16273942-2439155 ROX27/WSB52 137 0.5 1.1 II 1.1 mm 1 25 - 3 - 21,32
J16281650-2436579 ISO-Oph196/WSB60 137 0.2 0.3 II 1.6 mm 2 8,34 8,16 5 - 34
J16313565-2401294 WLY2-63/IRS63 144 - - I/FS 5.9 mm 2 27.0,51.1 5.7,13.0 6 - 35
J16313346-2427372 DoAr44 146 1.4 1 II/PT 1.5 mm 1 47 13 4 - 32,34
J16335560-2442049 RXJ1633.9-2442 139 1 1 II/TD 1.3 mm 1 36 18 3 - 32,34
J16394544-2402039 WSB82 139 1.5 5.1 II 3.2 mm 1 50 50 3 - 32,34
J16491530-1422087 AS209 121 0.8 1.4 II 3.6 mm 7 14.2,27.8,38.7, 8.9,4.7,3.4, 5 - 38
7 74.2,96.7,120.14,141 9.3,8.1,11.2,2.8 5 -
J16265843-2445318 SR24S 114 1.6 3.8 II 2.3 mm 1 42.2 21.4 4 5.2 32,34,39
J16271027–241912 SR21 138 2.5 12.6 II 2.9 mm 2 31,53 <14,25 14 - 40,41
ir 2 19,55 -,- 7 - 42
J17562128-2157218 HD163296 101 2 17 II 6.2 mm 4 15.5,67.1,101.2,158.7 20.4,15.4,13.6,- 4 - 43
ir 1 64 - 8 - 44
J10563044-7711393 T4/SYCha 181 0.8 1 II 1.3 mm 1 90 45 90 - 45
J10581677-7717170 SZCha 190 1.3 1.9 II/TD 3.8 mm 1 95 45 95 5.12 45
J11022491-7733357 CSCha 176 1.5 1.4 TD 2.4 mm 1 35.2 - 10 - 31,45,46
J11081509-7733531 HPCha 190 1.4 1.3 TD 2.6 mm 1 42 <12 8 - 31,46
J11100010-7634578 WWCha 192 1.9 2.7 II 17.2 mm 2 67,122 8,75 13 - 45
J11332542-7011412 HD100546 110 2.2 25.1 TD 4.3 mm 2 20.5,29.7 8.3,25 6 - 47
J11015191-3442170 TWHya 60 0.5 0.3 II 1.7 mm 5 3.0,29.5,33,44.7,~52 2.2,<6,<10,2.8,- 1 - 48, 49
J14081015-4123525 PDS70 140 0.8 0.6 TD 1.2 mm 1 74 28 3 - 50,51,52
ir 1 70 - 10 - 53
J15560921-3756057 Sz82,IMLup 158 1 2.6 II 4.4 mm 2 117.4,133.5 15.8,18.4 8 - 21,54
J15564188-4219232 HD142527 157 2.1 16.2 II/TD 24.9 mm 1 205 70 31 0.1 55
J15564230-3749154 Sz83,RULup 160 0.7 1.5 II 3.6 mm 4 17,24,34,50 -,<8,5.5,- 4 - 21
J16071159-3903475 Sz91 159 0.5 0.2 TD 0.2 mm 1 110.5 51.7 40 - 54
J16083070-3828268 - 156 1.5 1.8 TD 0.8 mm 1 70 30 47 - 54
J16083617-3923024 V1094Sco 154 0.8 1.1 II 3.6 mm 2 130,170 -,- 14 - 54
J16085468-3937431 Sz111 158 0.5 0.2 TD 1.3 mm 1 56 30 14 - 46
J16090141-3925119 - 164 0.2 0.1 TD 0.1 mm 1 30 - 49 - 54
J16094864-3911169 Sz118 164 1 0.7 II 0.5 mm 1 50 - 49 - 54
J16105158-3853137 Sz123A 158 0.6 0.1 II 0.3 mm 1 35 15 8 - -
J15154844-3709160 SAO206462/HD135344B 135 1.6 9.8 TD 2.3 mm 1 51.3 19 24 - 56
J15583692-2257153 HD143006 166 1.4 3.9 II 0.9 mm 3 7.7,40.0,63.6 6,10,22 7 - 21
J16042165-2130284 J1604-2130 150 1 0.6 TD 0.9 mm 1 70 <30 34 - 38
ir 1 60 - 11 - 57
J16100501-2132318 - 145 0.7 0.5 II 0.3 mm 2 28.8,41.1 5.7,7.9 7 - 17

Table 2: Systems with spirals

2MASS Name Alt. Name d (pc) M_star (Msun) L_star (Lsun) Class M_disk (0.01 Msun) lambda m pitch angle (deg) radial extent (au) FWHM (au) binary sep. (arcsec) ref
J03454828+3224118 LkHa330 309 2.95 22.91 II 16.97 ir 2 12-16 60-150 46 - 5,9
J04300399+1813493 UXTauA 140 1.67 3.24 TD 0.91 mm line 2 20-30 140-280 18 2.7 11
ir 2 - - 18 2.7 12
J04554582+3033043 ABAur 163 3.17 123.03 II 2.12 mm line 2 20 30-90 18 - 1
ir 8 22 30-100 10 - 2
J04555938+3034015 SUAur 158 2.18 14.45 II 0.58 ir 6 - - 11 - 10
J05194140+0538428 HD34700A 356 4.1 25.12 II 0.8 ir 6 27-55 110-320 18 5.2 13,14
J05302753+2519571 MWC758/HD36112 156 1.5 10.96 II 1.16 mm 2 19 30-80 31 - 3,4,5
ir 2 19 30-80 4 - 6
J05355845+2444542 CQTau 162 1.67 10 II 2.31 mm line 2 20-40 30-65 19 - 7
ir 2 4, 34 30-60 16 - 8
J05380526-0115216 V1247Ori 398 1.9 15.81 PTD 7.72 ir 1 6.5 96-119 16 - 5
J11015191-3442170 TWHya 60 0.8 0.28 II 1.72 mm line 3 3-9 70-210 1 - 21
J11100010-7634578 WWCha 192 1.9 2.69 II 17.18 ir 1 - - 13 - 19
J11330559-5419285 HD100453 103 1.5 10 - 1.35 mm 2 5-7 20-30 3 1.045 26
mm line 2 11-25 30-100 5 1.045 26
ir 2 14-18 20-30 3 1.045 26
J11332542-7011412 HD100546 110 2.2 25.12 TD 4.34 ir 6 - - 6 - 20
J11493184-7851011 DZCha 110 0.5 1 - 0.07 ir 2 27 5-25 6 - 5
J15154844-3709160 SAO206462/HD135344B 135 1.6 9.77 TD 10.79 ir 2 11 38-107 12 - 5,27
J15451286-3417305 Sz68/HTLup 154 2.15 5.37 II 1.35 mm 2 17 13-39 4 2.8 23
J15560921-3756057 Sz82/IMLup 158 0.95 2.57 II 4.37 mm 2 10-22 30-94 8 - 16
J15564188-4219232 HD142527 157 2.1 16.22 II/TD 24.85 mm line 3 3-17 290-670 31 0.1 24
ir 6 - 80-130 31 0.1 5,25
J15564230-3749154 Sz83/RULup 160 0.67 1.48 II 3.65 mm line 5 21-31 250-1200 4 - 22
J16113134-1838259 AS205N 128 0.99 2.19 - 12.65 mm 2 14 19-68 6 1.3 23
J16264502-2423077 GSS39/Elias2-27 116 0.63 1.51 II 3.59 mm 2 16 47-244 6 - 15,16
J16484562-1416359 WaOph6 123 0.68 2.88 II 2.08 mm 2 14.9-18 20-70 7 - 16
ir 2 14-20 20-45 7 - 17
- SR21 138 2.5 12.59 II 2.93 ir 2 2-14 25-40 7 - 18

Table 3: Systems with crescents

2MASS Name Alt. Name d (pc) M_star (Msun) L_star (Lsun) Class M_disk (0.01 Msun) lambda n rad (au) w_r (au) w_phi (au) Delta FWHM (au) binary sep. (arcsec) ref
J03454828+3224118 LkHa330 309 2.95 22.91 II 16.97 mm 1 130 <36 116 3.3 93 - 1
J04554582+3033043 ABAur 163 3.17 123.03 II 2.12 mm 1 120 <50 140 3-4 23 - 2
J05194140+0538428 HD34700A 356 4.1 25.12 II 0.8 mm 1 155 72 173 >26 18 5.2 3
J05302753+2519571 MWC758/HD36112 156 1.5 10.96 II 1.16 mm 2 48,83 12,25 47,78 4.4,10 6 - 4
J05380526-0115216 V1247Ori 398 1.9 15.81 PTD 7.72 mm 1 158 20 - 5 16 - 5
J11332542-7011412 HD100546 110 2.2 25.12 TD 4.34 mm 1 21.8 22 40 1.5 6 - 6
J15154844-3709160 SAO206462/HD135344B 135 1.6 9.77 TD 10.79 mm 1 80.7 14.8 188 >4 24 - 7
J15404638-4229536 HD139614 135 1.6 9.23 - 3.02 ir 4 - - - - 68 0.04 8
J15564188-4219232 HD142527 157 2.1 16.22 II/TD 24.85 mm 1 185 80 94 20-40 31 0.1 9
J15583692-2257153 HD143006 166 1.4 3.89 II 4.12 mm 1 74 11 50 >40 7 - 10
ir 2 40,74 -,- -,- -,- 6 - 11
J16273718-2430350 IRS48/WLY2-48 121 2 14.29 TD 0.65 mm 1 63 42 110 >130 60 - 12
J17562128-2157218 HD163296 101 2 16.98 II 6.23 mm 1 55 ~7 ~48 >20 4 - 10
- SR21 138 2.5 12.59 II 2.93 mm 1 46 34 95 ~2 14 - 13